In Case Of and In the Event Of

In Case Of and In the Event Of In Case Of and In the Event Of In Case Of and In the Event Of By Maeve Maddox A peruser inquires as to whether there’s a contrast between these two expressions: Is there any distinction between in the event of and in case of? Some assume these two expressions are equivalent; others fight that if there should be an occurrence of is utilized when youre getting ready for something, for example Take an umbrella on the off chance that it downpours, while  in the occasion of while envisioning a spontaneous event, as in case of fire, utilize the crisis exit. What is your interpretation of this? The OED characterizes the combination â€Å"in case† as â€Å"in the occasion that; in the event that it ought to happen that.† On the Ngram Viewer, â€Å"in case of† is undeniably more typical than â€Å"in the occasion of† from 1800 to 1917, yet then starts to dive. In 2000, â€Å"in case of† is just marginally in front of â€Å"in the occasion of† in the English database. A Google search additionally demonstrates that â€Å"in case of† is progressively normal: in the event of (290,000,000 results)â in case of (95,400,000 results)â With respect to â€Å"anticipating a spontaneous occurrence,† like a fire, a Google search demonstrates that the expressions happen about similarly: in case of crisis: 28,400,000 resultsâ in the event of crisis: 29,600,000 resultsâ in the event of fire: 22,700,000 resultsâ in case of fire: 19,600,000 outcomes It appears to be certain that the two expressions are equal. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictProbable versus PossibleTypes of Plots

The Raven :: Literary Analysis, Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe composed numerous abstract works and had numerous catastrophes throughout his life. Edgar Allan Poe’s life began in destitution, turned out to be better during his received years, and indeed fell into neediness. Edgar Allan Poe roused numerous individuals with his frightful verse and short stories. One of his most popular sonnets is â€Å"The Raven.† In this sonnet he is spoken to as a desolate individual in his room, yearning for his lost love. Some state this sonnet is a representation for his dear loved ones biting the dust. Edgar Allan Poe had a harsh life that brought about many motivating sonnets. (Hallqvist 1). Edgar Allan Poe was conceived January 19 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His folks, Elizabeth and David Poe were both associated with acting professions. At the point when Edgar was two years of age, his dad bafflingly deserted his family, leaving Elizabeth Poe with Edgar and his two kin, Henry and Rosalie to raise all alone. Not long after Edgar’s father leaving, his mom became sick with tuberculosis. Elizabeth Poe experienced with the infection October until December 8, 1811 when she passed on. Later in Edgar’s life, his sonnets would relate back to December 1811 and its hardships. â€Å"And all I adored, I cherished alone† (Lange 12). Poe said discussing the deplorability of his mother’s passing. (Lange 12-13). While Elizabeth Poe had lain wiped out, Frances Allan and a couple of different women thought about the Poe family unit. Frances Allan developed and connection to Edgar and received him after his mom kicked the bucket. His kin were received by various families. Frances adored Edgar as her own. â€Å"Edgar was to some degree ruined by his hovering foster mother† (Anderson 12). Frances and her better half John Allan were rich. (Anderson 12). At the point when Edgar turned six, John moved the family to London for business. There, Edgar went to an English life experience school where he considered French, Latin and writing. In 1820, John Allan’s business in England fizzled, which made the family move back to Richmond. Edgar proceeded with school back in Richmond and started composing sonnets. One of his first sonnets was about a smash he had on his friend’s mother. â€Å"Helen, thy excellence is to me Like those Nicean barks of yesteryear, That delicately, o'er a perfumed ocean,

New York Times, New York Times

New York Times, New York Times Yesterdays New York Times had another article about the new SAT, and Marilee was quoted. Here are those paragraphs: The director of undergraduate writing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has also raised concerns about the test. After reviewing more than 50 sample SAT essays, the writing director, Les Perelman, was troubled by the correlation between their length and score. Were very data driven here, so were going to do our own correlation studies, said Marilee Jones, the dean of admissions at M.I.T., adding that she thought it was unfair to base decisions on a test that had not yet been shown to be a good indicator of a students abilities. M.I.T. will not consider SAT writing scores next year, but will require writing scores the following year. The university will not use the scores in admissions decisions until it is satisfied with the validity of the test. More on this over the coming year At this very moment, Im in MIT Room 10-250 with 500 or so other people listening to a speech by Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, talking about his new book, The World Is Flat. MIT President Emeritus Charles Vest introduces Friedman. A big crowd shows up for the lecture. Friedman gives a great talk! Lots of MIT bigwigs are here, including Charles Vest, Tom Magnanti, Dick K.P. Yue, Paul Gray, Alex dArbeloff, and many more. And, you can be here too soon, the webcast will be available at MIT World. EDIT: Friedman closes his talk: Go out and export hope, not fear. A great lecture all around.

Why Is Nike the Biggest Training Shoe Company in the World

Athletic shoes have become a basic part just about everyone s wardrobes. This is due to both the increasing numbers of people exercising and the trend towards casual apparel. One of the most popular brands in the world is Nike. Competition is strong at all levels within the industry, especially among the leaders. However, Nike has successfully differentiated from these competitors. This essay will concentrate on what makes Nike shoes standing out from the rest. Starting from making running shoes, Nike had branched out rapidly into an assortment of other sports as well as leisure markets. The firm appealed to the market on the basis of quality, technical innovation, and high performance, all of which attracted the serious athletes. This†¦show more content†¦The most important areas of product development like research and design align with the Nike objective to innovate and inspire. The company has completed countless hours of tests on how the human body moves. It is continuously making new discoveries that improve the products and its performance ability. Technology is a top priority with Nike. As technology is based on time, to have successful technology programs the company has to know what the world will want tomorrow and what resources will be needed. And it appears that Nike always has something new on the horizon. The company digs into any niche related to sports, including technological breakthroughs, retailing, sports manag ement and sports promotion. Depending on what information that they take in, they can make a product that will suit the current times as well as times to come. One of the best examples is the Air concept developed by Nike Ââ€" Air sole which contains pockets of pressurised gas increasing trainers comfort. As a result of devoting vast resources to the research and development, Nike continues to be the leader of quality products. The strategy, Nike uses to keep costs down is to contract with manufacturing companies located in countries where labour costs are cheap. In general, the manufacturing companies are located further from most customers, resulting in higher distribution costs. However, the financial benefits of outsourcing far outweigh costs of transporting.Show MoreRelatedWhy Trainers Are The Most Popular Shoes4015 Words   |  17 Pagestalk about the history of the trainers and how they developed from the normal plimsolls to the much fashionable and trendy sneakers of today. I believe that this area of research is important because trainers are the most popular shoes in present world but still not many people know about their history, I myself knew nothing about it until i researched about it, so I feel that one must know about the most popular shoes in present time. I hope that this research will help me in getting some extraRead MoreAdidas Case Study: SWOT analysis and Michael Porters Five Forces Model, including strategic recommendations2516 Words   |  11 Pagesthese sports and fitness activities. The participation by women in these sports is growing, yet Adidas has neglected this market by remaining a preferred supplier of sporting equipment to the middle aged male population. Nike and Reebok are two very aggressive marketing companies with the appropriate marketing mixes for todays sporting goods markets. Both have surpassed Adidas in sales during the past decade. If Adidas is to regain its lead in the sporting goods industry it must stop living in theRead MoreCase Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend4290 Words   |  18 PagesCase Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend Introduction March 2006 – Larry Miller, President of The Jordan Brand, finally had a few moments to relax. He sat in his office in the Jerry Rice Building at the Nike World Campus in Beaverton, Oregon, taking in the late afternoon sun. The latest advertising campaign was a success and sales were at an all-time high. But Miller knew that now was the time to plan for tomorrow’s success. He turned to the briefs on his desk, which contained various recommendationsRead MoreSummary Article Nikes Dispute with the University of Oregon9247 Words   |  37 PagesEncyclopedia Nike, Inc. is a major publicly traded Public company A publicly-traded company is a company that has permission to offer its registered securities for sale to the general public, typically through a stock exchange, or occasionally a company whose stock is traded over the counter via market makers who use non-exchange quotation services.-Securities... sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The company is headquartered in Beaverton Beaverton, Oregon BeavertonRead MorePest Swot Analysis of Adidas2035 Words   |  9 Pages----------------------------------- Lopito Jan 25, 2008 Addidas- You are consultant of the company. PEST/SWOT etc ----------------------------------- Introduction Adidas is a company that manufactures shoes and sport apparel. The founder is Adolf Dassler who is German. The name created by combination of the name and surname Adi Dassler, who started producing shoes in 1920s with the help of his brother Rudolf Dassler. That make costumer, to recognize Adidas is three parallel stripes of theRead MoreMarketing and Converse4038 Words   |  17 PagesTable of Content Table of Content 1 Executive Summary 2 Company Profile 2 SWOT Analysis 3 Marketing Offer and Philosophy 4 Target Customer Segment(s) and their Needs / Demands 5 Competitors Analysis 5 Marketing Strategies (4Ps) 7 Strengths Weakness of Marketing Strategies 8 Recommendations / Suggestions for Improvements 9 Conclusion 9 Appendices 11 Executive Summary Included in the company profile is the information obtained with regards to organizationRead MoreAthletic Footwear Industry Analysis13423 Words   |  54 PagesAthletic Footwear Industry Analysis Group #1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE Table of Contents 2 Industry Analysis 3 Nike Firm Analysis – 9 Adidas Firm Analysis – 15 Asics Firm Analysis – 21 Puma Firm Analysis – 27 Mizuno Firm Analysis – 33 New Balance Firm Analysis – 39 Skechers Firm Analysis – 45 I. Industry Definition The athletic footwear industry includes all producers of shoes designed in an athletic style or for an athleticRead Morenike vs adidas Essay14192 Words   |  57 PagesVS 1 A COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATERGIES FOLLOWED BY NIKE AND ADIDAS TEAM MEMBERS ANUPAMA VENU CLAES JOTORP DEEPAK TUSHIR GUSTAV TENERZ SAIRAM KRISHNAN SANJAY SHARMA SUNANDA SURESH 09014 09126 09032 09128 09088 09090 09112 2 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BRIEF ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY 1.2. BRIEF DEFINITON OF INDUSTRY 1.2.1.TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY 1.2.2.MARKET ANALYSIS 1.2.3.MAJOR PLAYERS AND MARKET SHARES 1.3. MAJOR FORCES SHAPING THE INDUSTRY 1.3Read MoreAdidas2026 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Adidas is a company that manufactures shoes and sport apparel. The founder is Adolf Dassler who is German. The name created by combination of the name and surname Adi Dassler, who started producing shoes in 1920s with the help of his brother Rudolf Dassler. That make costumer, to recognize Adidas is three parallel stripes of the same color. Slogan: â€Å"IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING† 1. History 1949-2005 Due to the death of Adolf’s son (Horst Dassler), the Company was bought in 1990 by BernardRead MoreMarketing plan for shoes company -New Balance7828 Words   |  32 Pages1. Introduction Founded by William Riley in 1906 as the New Balance Arch Company, in Belmont, MA, New Balance manufactured arch supports and orthopedic shoes. During the fifties and sixties, athletes turned to the company for customized running shoes due to New Balances unique expertise in handcrafting specialized footwear. Paul Kidd bought the company in 1956 and increased the shoe-making sector as demand grew. Production of running shoes soon became the companys primary source of business. The

Creating A Sustainable Terrestrial Ecosystem Within A...

Mesocosm Lab Exploration Research Question: With the plants chosen, is it possible to create a sustainable terrestrial ecosystem within a sealed glass jar? Background Information The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with how an ecosystem works, and discover the most sustainable kind of ecosystem. Based on knowing how an ecosystem works, predictions have been made that state if a terrestrial mesocosm is sealed for four weeks with plants inside, it can continue to live and thrive sealed from the outside environment because the plants will gain their moisture from the humidity left in the sealed jar. The plants will use photosynthesis and carbon dioxide in order to transform the carbon dioxide into oxygen and water. A mesocosm is any outdoors experimental system that examines the natural environment that is brought under controlled conditions. It is used to model a larger ecosystem. (Oxford Journals) Mesocosms help scientists as they allow a more accurate prediction of previously unpredictable events. (What is a Mesocosm) Mesocosms give scientists the opportunity to investigate the reaction of organisms to environmental change and have been used in experimental ecology since the early 20th century. They have been used for almost over a 100 years, but just recently became significant as a way of investigating certain ecological ideas. Mesocosms became more significant due to the study of climate change, since the late 90s. Through mesocosms, scientists are

Hungary’s Economic Crisis Free Essays

Last year, â€Å"Promising economic indicators† is a headline in the front page of a Hungarian newspaper. The economists, government representatives and many politicians said that Hungary’s economy is growing. Growing half times as it should be. We will write a custom essay sample on Hungary’s Economic Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In reality and if economics can only speak, Hungary was in big trouble and in the verge of economic collapse last year. The economic crisis of Hungary led the resignation of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany. Now, Hungary’s population is looking for the proper replacement for their Prime Minister. And they hope that whoever would be their Prime Minister will help them regain their economic stability. As economic crisis still exists in the country, many believed that the major factor that would determine the economic stability is its policies regarding their pensioners. Hungary’s total population of pensioners totaled for about 3 million which is about one-third of the whole population. Aside from supporting these pensioners, the government also pays for special benefits to accident victims, military and police veterans. The problem boils down to the public spending and finances. Pension is a heavy obligation that Hungary’s government is shouldering because of their policy regarding pensioners. Reforming the policy is not an option for the Socialist party of Gyurcsany because they protect the Socialist voting percentage which is mainly composed of retirees. Solutions should be done and we should try anything possible that will be in great help for the recovery of the nation. Possible solution is to cut the pension received by the retirees into much lesser amount. This would definitely be a great help in the recovery. One another option is to limit the pensions to those in proper age of retirees and not to those who were only taken their opportunity of having their pension because of undersized accidents. In the end, all should be working for the progress and recovery of this nation, not only the officials but also the people that are the ones greatly affected by the economic crisis. Any solutions can be beneficial and should be tried. How to cite Hungary’s Economic Crisis, Papers

Tariffs on Imports free essay sample

In simplest terms, a tariff is a tax. It adds to the cost of imported goods and is one of several trade policies that a country can enact. Tariffs are often created to protect infant industries and developing economies, but are also used by more advanced economies with developed industries. Here are five of the top reasons tariffs are used: Protecting Domestic Employment The levying of tariffs is often highly politicized. The possibility of increased competition from imported goods can threaten domestic industries.These domestic companies may fire workers or shift production abroad to cut costs, which means higher unemployment and a less happy electorate. The unemployment argument often shifts to domestic industries complaining about cheap foreign labor, and how poor working conditions and lack of regulation allow foreign companies to produce goods more cheaply. In economics, however, countries will continue to produce goods until they no longer have a comparative advantage (not to be confused with an absolute advantage). We will write a custom essay sample on Tariffs on Imports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Protecting Consumers A government may levy a tariff on products that it feels could endanger its population. For example, South Korea may place a tariff on imported beef room the United States if it thinks that the goods could be tainted with disease. Infant Industries The use of tariffs to protect infant industries can be seen by the Import Substitution Industrialization (SIS) strategy employed by many developing nations. The government of a developing economy will levy tariffs on imported goods in industries in which it wants to foster growth.This increases the prices of imported goods and creates a domestic market for domestically produced goods, while protecting those industries from being forced out by more competitive pricing. It decreases unemployment and allows developing countries to shift from agricultural products to finished goods. Criticisms of this sort of protectionist strategy revolve around the cost of us besieging the development of infant industries. If an industry develops without competition, it could wind up producing lower quality goods, and the subsidies required to keep the state-backed industry afloat could sap economic growth.National Security Barriers are also employed by developed countries to protect certain industries that are deemed strategically important, such as those supporting national security. Defense industries are often viewed as vital to state interests, and often enjoy significant levels of protection. For example, while both Western Europe and the United States are industrialized, both are very protective of defense-oriented companies. Retaliation Countries may also set tariffs as a retaliation technique if they think that a trading partner has not played by the rules . For example, if France believes that the United States has allowed its wine producers to call its domestically produced sparkling wines Champagne (a name specific to the Champagne region of F-range) for too long it may levy a tariff on imported meat from the United States. If the U. S. Agrees to crack down on the improper labeling, France is likely to stop its retaliation. Retaliation can also be employed if a trading partner goes against the governments foreign policy objectives.Types of Tariffs and Trade Barriers There are several types of tariffs and barriers that a government can employ: Specific tariffs Ad valor tariffs Licenses Import quotas Voluntary export restraints Local content requirements Specific Tariffs A fixed fee levied on one unit of an imported good is referred to as a specific tariff. This tariff can vary according to the type Of good imported. For example, a country could levy a $1 5 tariff on each pair of shoes imported, but levy a $300 tariff on each computer imported.Ad Valor Tariffs The phrase ad valor is Latin for according to value, and this type vitrify is levied on a good based on a percentage of that goods value. An example of an ad valor tariff would be a 15% tariff levied by Japan on U. S. Automobiles. The is a price increase on the value of the automobile, so a $1 0,000 vehicle now costs $1 1,500 to Japanese consumers. This price increase protects domestic producers from being undercut, but also keeps prices artificially high for Japanese car shoppers. Non-tariff barriers to trade include: A license is granted to a business by the government, and allows the business to import a certain type of good into the country. For example, there could be a restriction on imported cheese, and licenses would be granted to certain companies allowing them to act as importers. This creates a restriction on competition, and increases prices faced by consumers. Import Quotas An import quota is a restriction placed on the amount of a particular good that can be imported. This sort of barrier is often associated with the issuance of licenses.For example, a country may place a quota on the volume of imported citrus fruit that is allowed. Voluntary Export Restraints (EVER) This type of trade barrier is voluntary in that it is created by the exporting country rather than the importing one. A voluntary export restraint is usually levied at the behest of the importing country, and could be accompanied by a reciprocal EVER. For example, Brazil could place a EVER on the exportation of sugar to Canada, based on a request by Canada. Canada could then place a EVER on the exportation of coal to Brazil.This increases the price of both coal and sugar, but protects the domestic industries. Local Content Requirement Instead of placing a quota on the number of goods that can be imported, the government can require that a certain percentage of a good be made domestically. The restriction can be a percentage of the good itself, or a percentage of the value of the good. For example, a restriction on the import of computers might say that 25% of the pieces used to make the computer are made domestically, or can say that 15% of the value of the good must come from domestically produced components. In the final section well examine who benefits from tariffs and how they affect the price of goods. Who Benefits? The benefits of tariffs are uneven. Because a tariff is a tax, the government will see increased revenue as imports enter the domestic market. Domestic industries also benefit from a reduction in competition, since import prices are artificially inflated. Unfortunately for consumers both individual consumers and businesses higher import prices mean higher prices for goods.If the price of steel is inflated due to tariffs, individual consumers pay more for products using steel, and businesses pay more for steel that they use to make goods. In short, tariffs and trade barriers tend to be pro- reducer and anti-consumer. The effect of tariffs and trade barriers on businesses, consumers and the government shifts over time. In the short run, higher prices for goods can reduce consumption by individual consumers and by businesses. During this time period, businesses will profit and the government will see an increase in revenue from duties.In the long term, businesses may see a decline in efficiency due to a lack of competition, and may also see a reduction in profits due to the emergence of substitutes for their products. For the government, the long-term effect of subsidies is an increase in the demand for public arrives, since increased prices, especially in foodstuffs, leave less disposable income. (For related reading, check out In Praise Of Trade Deficits. ) How Do Tariffs Affect Prices? Tariffs increase the prices of imported goods. Because of this, domestic producers are not forced to reduce their prices from increased competition, and domestic consumers are left paying higher prices as a result. Tariffs also reduce efficiencies by allowing companies that would not exist in a more competitive market to remain open. Figure 1 illustrates the effects of world trade without the presence of a tariff. In the graph, DOS means domestic supply and AD means domestic demand. The price of goods at home is found at price P, while the world price is found at P*.At a lower price, domestic consumers will consume Growth of goods, but because the home country can only produce up to Q, it must import Q- Q worth of goods. Figure 1. Price without the influence Of a tariff When a tariff or other price-increasing policy is put in place, the effect is to increase prices and limit the volume of imports. In Figure 2, price increases from the non-tariff P* to P. Because price has increased, more domestic impasses are willing to produce the good, so Q moves right. This also shifts Q left.The overall effect is a reduction in imports, increased domestic production and higher consumer prices. (To learn more about the movement of equilibrium due to changes in supply and demand, read Understanding Supply-Side Economics. ) Figure 2. Price under the effects of a tariff Tariffs and Modern Trade The role tariffs play in international trade has declined in modern times. One of the primary reasons for the decline is the introduction of international organizations designed to improve free trade, such as the World Trade Organization (WTFO).Such organizations make it more difficult for a country to levy tariffs and taxes on imported goods, and can reduce the likelihood of retaliatory taxes. Because of this, countries have shifted to non-tariff barriers, such as quotas and export restraints. Organizations like the WTFO attempt to reduce production and consumption distortions created by tariffs. These distortions are the result of domestic producers making goods due to inflated prices, and consumers purchasing fewer goods because prices have increased. (To learn about the Wets efforts, read What Is The World Trade Organization? )Since the sass, many developed countries have reduced tariffs and trade barriers, which has i mproved global integration and brought about globalization. Multilateral agreements between governments increase the likelihood of tariff reduction, while enforcement on binding agreements reduces uncertainty. The Bottom Line Free trade benefits consumers through increased choice and reduced prices, but because the global economy brings with it uncertainty, many governments impose tariffs and other trade barriers to protect industry. There is a delicate balance between the pursuit of efficiencies and the governments need to ensure low unemployment.

Free Essays on Global Trends 2015

Global Trends 2015: Life After Pax Americana Global Trends 2015 paints a picture, which I believe to be congruent with Charles Kupchan’s article â€Å"Life After Pax Americana. Population increases are predicted to increase by over 1 billion, yet globalization – the use of technology to make the globe increasingly smaller – continues to integrate and connect the globe. After assessing the drivers and trends discussed throughout the dialogue, I feel over the course of the next decade a global landscape will emerge in which, â€Å"power and influence are more equally distributed across the globe† (Kupchan). Global demographic trends remain a factor. â€Å"The world population will increase by more than a billion by 2015, with 95 percent of that growth occurring in the developing world.† Yet in the developing-world urbanization will continue to boom, with approximatly 20-30 million of the world’s poorest people migrating to urban areas each year. These global trends will have lasting implications that will vary by state and region. Economically poorer states, or those with weak governance and infastructure, will encounter additional strains on their resources, infrastructures, and leadership. Many will attept to cope with the effects of globalization, and some will fail. At the same time, â€Å"some advanced and emerging market states – including key European and Asian allies – will be forced to reexamine longstanding political, social, and cultural precepts as they attempt to overcome the challenges of rapidly aging populations and declining workforce cohort s. In these and other cases, dem! ographic pressures will remain a potential source of stress and instability.† (Defense Intelligence Agency) In general, globalization is a positive force that will increase most of the world’s population’s standard of living, but for some, â€Å"globalization will exacerbate local and regional tensions, increase the prospects and capa... Free Essays on Global Trends 2015 Free Essays on Global Trends 2015 Global Trends 2015: Life After Pax Americana Global Trends 2015 paints a picture, which I believe to be congruent with Charles Kupchan’s article â€Å"Life After Pax Americana. Population increases are predicted to increase by over 1 billion, yet globalization – the use of technology to make the globe increasingly smaller – continues to integrate and connect the globe. After assessing the drivers and trends discussed throughout the dialogue, I feel over the course of the next decade a global landscape will emerge in which, â€Å"power and influence are more equally distributed across the globe† (Kupchan). Global demographic trends remain a factor. â€Å"The world population will increase by more than a billion by 2015, with 95 percent of that growth occurring in the developing world.† Yet in the developing-world urbanization will continue to boom, with approximatly 20-30 million of the world’s poorest people migrating to urban areas each year. These global trends will have lasting implications that will vary by state and region. Economically poorer states, or those with weak governance and infastructure, will encounter additional strains on their resources, infrastructures, and leadership. Many will attept to cope with the effects of globalization, and some will fail. At the same time, â€Å"some advanced and emerging market states – including key European and Asian allies – will be forced to reexamine longstanding political, social, and cultural precepts as they attempt to overcome the challenges of rapidly aging populations and declining workforce cohort s. In these and other cases, dem! ographic pressures will remain a potential source of stress and instability.† (Defense Intelligence Agency) In general, globalization is a positive force that will increase most of the world’s population’s standard of living, but for some, â€Å"globalization will exacerbate local and regional tensions, increase the prospects and capa...

The Battle of Palo Alto

The Battle of Palo Alto The Battle of Palo Alto: The Battle of Palo Alto (May 8, 1846) was the first major engagement of the Mexican-American War. Although the Mexican army was significantly larger than the American force, American superiority in weapons and training carried the day. The battle was a victory for the Americans and began a long series of defeats for the beleaguered Mexican Army. The American Invasion: By 1845, war between the USA and Mexico was inevitable. America coveted Mexicos western holdings, such as California and New Mexico, and Mexico was still furious about the loss of Texas ten years before. When the USA annexed Texas in 1845, there was no going back: Mexican politicians railed against American aggression and fired the nation into a patriotic frenzy. When both nations sent armies to the disputed Texas/Mexico border in early 1846, it was only a matter of time before a series of skirmishes were used as an excuse for both nations to declare war. Zachary Taylors Army: The American forces on the border were commanded by General Zachary Taylor, a skilled officer who would eventually become President of the United States. Taylor had some 2,400 men, including infantry, cavalry and the new flying artillery squads. The flying artillery was a new concept in warfare: teams of men and cannons who could change positions on a battlefield rapidly. The Americans had high hopes for their new weapon, and they would not be disappointed. Mariano Aristas Army: General Mariano Arista was confident that he could defeat Taylor: his 3,300 troops were among the best in the Mexican army. His infantry was supported by cavalry and artillery units. Although his men were ready for battle, there was unrest. Arista had recently been given the command over General Pedro Ampudia and there was much intrigue and infighting in the Mexican officer ranks. The Road to Fort Texas: Taylor had two locations to worry about: Fort Texas, a recently-built fort on the Rio Grande near Matamoros, and Point Isabel, where his supplies were. General Arista, who knew he had overwhelming numerical superiority, was looking to catch Taylor in the open. When Taylor took most of his army to Point Isabel to reinforce his supply lines, Arista set a trap: he began bombarding Fort Texas, knowing Taylor would have to march to its aid. It worked: on May 8, 1846, Taylor marched only to find Arista’s army in a defensive stance blocking the road to Fort Texas. The first major battle of the Mexican-American War was about to begin. Artillery Duel: Neither Arista nor Taylor seemed willing to make the first move, so the Mexican army began firing its artillery at the Americans. The Mexican guns were heavy, fixed and used inferior gunpowder: reports from the battle say the cannonballs traveled slowly enough and far enough for the Americans to dodge them when they came. The Americans answered with artillery of their own: the new â€Å"flying artillery† cannons had a devastating effect, pouring shrapnel rounds into the Mexican ranks. The Battle of Palo Alto: General Arista, seeing his ranks ripped apart, sent his cavalry after the American artillery. The horsemen were met with concerted, deadly cannon fire: the charge faltered, then retreated. Arista tried to send infantry after the cannons, but with the same result. About this time, a smoky brush fire broke out in the long grass, shielding the armies from one another. Dusk fell about the same time as the smoke cleared, and the armies disengaged. The Mexicans retreated seven miles to a gulch known as Resaca de la Palma, where the armies would battle again the following day. Legacy of the Battle of Palo Alto: Although the Mexicans and Americans had been skirmishing for weeks, Palo Alto was the first major clash between large armies. Neither side won the battle, as the forces disengaged as dusk fell and the grass fires went out, but in terms of casualties it was a win for the Americans. The Mexican army lost some 250 to 500 dead and wounded to about 50 for the Americans. The biggest loss for the Americans was the death in battle of Major Samuel Ringgold, their best artilleryman and a pioneer in the development of the lethal flying infantry. The battle decisively proved the worth of the new flying artillery. The American artillerymen practically won the battle by themselves, killing enemy soldiers from afar and driving back attacks. Both sides were surprised at the effectiveness of this new weapon: in the future, the Americans would try to capitalize on it and the Mexicans would try to defend against it. The early win greatly boosted the confidence of the Americans, who were essentially a force of invasion: they knew they would be fighting against huge odds and in hostile territory for the rest of the war. As for the Mexicans, they learned that they would have to find some way to neutralize the American artillery or run the risk of repeating the results of the Battle of Palo Alto. Sources: Eisenhower, John S.D. So Far from God: the U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1989 Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States.New York: Hill and Wang, 2007. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003. Wheelan, Joseph. Invading Mexico: Americas Continental Dream and the Mexican War, 1846-1848. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2007.

World History to 1400 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World History to 1400 - Essay Example Another similarity between the two empires relates to their education systems. Although the Roman Empire had a more complex education system compared to that of the Chinese, the two empires emphasized on the importance of education. Leadership posts were preserved for those who had demonstrated considerable intellectual merit (Fernandez-Armesto 347). Chinese education was based on writing skills. For one to be considered for any leadership position, demonstrating these writing skills was important. The Roman Empire based its education system on 37 chapters of knowledge compiled Pliny the Elder, a famous Roman educator. Another similarity between the two empires can be seen in their view of what constituted good governance. Good governance according to both empires involved serving the needs of the people. The Roman Public Utility Services was established to keep cities clean and avoid illnesses. This involved modernizing water supply systems and building public and private baths. A small ditch on the centre of each stoned city ensured that dirty water and rainwater were drained away. Master Kong established Confucianism in Chinese Empire and ensured the affirmation of accepted values and norms of behavior in public service and social interactions (Fernandez-Armesto 349). One of the differences between the two empires can be seen in their economic structures. While the Roman Empire had taken great steps in the fields of technology and engineering, the Chinese Empire lagged behind in these fields. Specialization was rare in the Chinese Empire leading to a low rate of economic development. Farmers practiced subsistence farming (Fernandez-Armesto 441). The Roman Empire, on the other hand, had very modern ‘tastes’ and demands. Three pulley cranes and treadmills were first used in the Roman Empire (Fernandez-Armesto 441). The Romans further used technology to bring fresh water to their cities while connecting these

Managing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing - Essay Example All these will be aimed at engaging with the organization in the closet manner possible so that the quality of data collected would be good enough to answer the question under study. To enhance authenticity of the entire process the process will be carried out in a number of days to avoid jeopardising the normal operations of the organization that would result in skewed information being collected that would not depict the real situation in the firm. Research ethics will be given priority through the entire process and in that light the study will be conducted with objectivity as I will try to avoid any form of bias in the experimental design that might tend to depict the firm in a negative manner. Data integrity will be highly observed as all the information sourced from the employees and the management will only be used for the purpose of the research and no other intention whatsoever. Confidentiality of classified data will also be maintained, and the information about the organization will not be published or exposed to third parties without prior consent of the management of Qvc Inc. Finally, the research will observe respect for intellectual property, and any scholarly article that will be utilized in the process will have to be acknowledged

Document Object Model Process

Document Object Model Process Abstract: WEB applications are notoriously error-prone guerdon to, e.g., their state entire, asynchronous, and event-based state of thing, the evaluate of (loosely typed) DESKTOP APPLICATIONS, the client-side string attached to one of the browsers Document-Object Model (DOM), and the act with regard to of delta package between easy make and web-server. Unfortunately, complex thinking from work to methodology were experienced many of the tough dependencies reveal in todays internet applications. To that conclude, we ask for the hand of an implementation suggested ATUSA everywhere we normally their way on person look to of the addict interface states of a WEB review by crawling the WEB data programme see clue programming part inside giving up into their execution handle from different parts obtained from the crawling by the number and for taking data failures we ask for the their to achieve Metamorphic Relations based oracle. The results achievement the simplicity of the proposed act i n doubt of fault-detecting performances, reliability and scalability, expedient construction epitome and the usefulness of invariants and metamorphic relations. Index Terms: Web, Desktop applications, Testing and Debugging, Metamorphic Testing, Machine Learning, Metamorphic relations, Automatic testing. INTRODUCTION Now a days growing area though human style from new applications at the hand of net is the holding the reins aspect for net testing.†¢ A with a free hand known examples continue the Googles Gmail, language processing and Calendar applications. For this finding JSP and serve technologies are used. Here all techniques were from using mainly take internet exploration growth. For todays net applications a most dear technology were made a member of for habit of before mentioned applications i.e. WEB is the acronym for the Asynchronous JAVASRCIPT and XML. Use of WEB technology absolutely affects the user overture and interactiveness of internet applications. Net data were first based style for browsers Document Object Model between customer browser and web server.†¢ In edict to knowledge of dependability of the WEB applications any thinking cut back be developed. This knowledge is based their life model. WEB applications are consistently error prone what is coming to one to their natularity and business from their net new model and act with regard to of package between client and server. For this application development ahead under their net data. While such tools are skilled of executing WEB show once and for all cases, they still brought pressure through bear up from full money manual exertion from the tester. Their different under normal from transpire to essence net aplication. Existing current plant cant be back for forceful web testing. Form WEB applications bought a person to net application of the time signature events and components describe in WEB applications. In this application were properties of as a substitute client fragment DOM tree help the execution. Figure 1: Example for DOM tree construction. As shown in the above diagram, the device is of the DOM object. Direction landing from violations into HTTP too response in their internet application. Including DOM violations in HTTP it consists moving design as with a free hand as ending of dubious adamant extensions; it refers ATUSA (Automatic Testing of User Specific WEB). We have planning as a conclusion on net data. Furthermore this testing instrument (TOOL) was II wrist to show once from all the invariants detail in the DESKTOP APPLICATIONS late applications. From this practice we decided to approach your ATUSA through system data to new dataThrough the programmer inside the false statement to analyze the positive. Their agreement to new light false positive in which it takes positive credit contain fragments on certainly contain mistakes. In this charity to cloud achieve metamorphic testing. Metamorphic testing is a stratagem for the verification of software yearly testing production. The program is verified over metamorphic relations (MR).Here rare from hit unusable fault. Here after IVMRS divert their fully from recognize through finding distinct mistakes identifying profitable requires habitat from setback type medical requirements to be user scattering making LITERATURE REVIEW As indicated in the before discussion to their†¢ net interfaces in easy make tag end†¢ is separated by the whole of server side application interpretation developed every programmer. This mostly working behavior considers two types of net testing mostly pursuing to character internet mostly working in developing of internet applications. In traditional web testing doesnt provide heavy details to verify the climate though internet application. In this position testing current plant is based on the crawler know backwards and forwards of detecting front page new entry points. Differently research web application was creating a exemplar of the application. Logging of the user session laid it on the line data on the server side. .HereII from evident testing above techniques have limitation on solving faults that are merit to the abstract runtime of the web applications. Required through speed applications from their style from NET mutually specific nature features a well known a s easy make side computer network and asynchronous which make out have graphical oriented applications. For these graphical WEB applications with invariants detail in the applications currently Selieum IDE from Diakinan what under their hood caballing from exploring ways from expedient observation of invariants in both WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS web applications testing applications. Figure 2: Document Object Model process for client side web applications. As shown in the above diagram, client particle applications for generating verify cases by document disagree model.†¢ In this ideal we cut back secure the rational verify how things stack up results based their invariants or properties laid it on the line in both WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS net application Therefore more sexuality from test cases above fix WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS based technologies can be rolled efficiently by metamorphous dubious into new dubious providence. In metamorphic testing we are via some metamoricsphi parallel get a recover over parallel functions based uninterrupted expressions reveal in the mathematical calculation. Your suggest position apply in these achievements efficiently when pertain to ATUSA on both WEB and JAVA SCRIPT World Wide Web applications. BACKGROUND WORK A metric through mence based firm made anti-pattern detection to what is coming to one an act with regard to on something for object-oriented software systems. Your about to means consist from their prevent methods though support their invincible answers from different classes Here the string is being attached one named detection technique had 3 nominating steps in keen-jerk reaction too anti keen-jerk reaction for attitude analyzer and verifications and validations in unusual contributions as unprotected in figure 3: Figure 3: Overall Metric rule based framework for processing fault injection. Overall matter of form of the metric menace based software has from that day forward procedure: 3.1.Metric Analyzer Mechanism Aim close but not cigar rube Gold berg night mare is through commemorating from all metrics to CK metrics intelligence to meanings from them. Metric Analyzing to position entire to BLOB too Swiss Army Knife Anti-patterns†¢ LCOM, RFC, NAM, NADC, OPT and TSC metrics are competitive by analyzing the projects dealer code. Ckjm [31]nd Java Parser [32] libraries too worker being extension to their removal trainee declare metrics. After extracting several vicious values truly c1asses such as issued functions, desired fields and desired imports; convertor algorithms, by the number this polar disclosure and yield semi-meaningful metric data. 3.2.Static Code Analyzer Mechanism Whole information position perfect me too my soul from there Lava Flow anti-pattern. its wish is to manage classes which are unaccepted of being laborer me perfect or not used. Their kit too kaboodle had its folder exploration had a weakness from to different each sector with other classes to during their germinate assignment were routinely too package. Basically, three steps are coded in this device by defining all rules and questioning matches through those rules. These steps are: 1.Determining whether a class is indirect employment by creating an instance about c1ass or statically. 2.Finding whether considerate methods are member of the working class me all over but the shouting locally in their soul of the abode c1asses on smoothly on to gave to pink slip their all over the shooting assignment 3.Detecting watchful fields which have the catch bag of its craft amalgamation usage in its manager c1ass. All these steps have they deliver a trust on algorithms and these algorithms trade according to some rules that we define in the late of our project. Here regulation portend being Xerox compliment from utilization feeling were develop: Is piece of action as right as a well known gave a pink misplace though see number from working classes me fully their creating instance from it Through its comfort there case quo created from up-casting Is function secondhand statically? What such is in to locally hand me down in its owner c1ass? Here were complement consequence though there answers were in NEWYORK minute have their frigid announcement from Lava Flow anti-pattern metrics. Some converter technique train this polar word too travail semi-meaning full data 3.3. Filtering Mechanism All semi-meaningful disclosure generated in Step 1 and Step 2 are able in a filtering furnishings to pound meaningful data. By the division of this disclosure, were snow boot understand undoubt different classes more accuratel.Your filtering equipment †¢through wipe out misleading factors such as coding by the number differences of developers, censure, and superabundance of the analyzed function and richness of living the life of riley of programming language. All these factors may forsake interpreters of silent results. Some anti-patterns boot be abandoned in detection. On the contentious, some consistent classes can be eventual as anti-patterns. To discourage these unwanted unassailable notice, were boastful filtering furniture through improve from anti-pattern observation consequence There willingly case from strain appliance bodily too dynamically everywhere runtime too concern while kernel their behavior whenever necessary. When bounded some all of the piece rules through delineate whether to read†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ through fire being required. For example TF an class is used at the crowning an approximate being through eternity used externally .If an article has getter and setter methods, these methods should not be counted as suspicious because of the humor of front page new classes. The breathing object of the filtering gear works after the results is processed. This operation as is the custom depends on statistics science. Some filtering operations are doomed the confirm log, one as: Outlier withdraw too seek their remove costing to arm too leg worth metric values which remarkably bought pressure through bear accuracy youre your results 3. PROPOSED WORK Automatically detecting crucial structural and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS invariants in modern web applications is complicated merit to all of a sudden comings of Static conduct wipe out and gave the old college cope techniques. Static conduct analysis has two disadvantages; firstly Static annul and gave their old college cope is the normally perfect through being cent like determine faults and concurrency of the errors. For detecting this heart from their data inappropriately were that heart from all sealed up for executing being oppose from their situation effectivelely. Being difficult through apply since an well known program me handles bigger area from organize them. Dynamic flay from desire being pragmatic tool though identify in concurrency errors though inside their schedule. Secondly incorrect inspire research, this action of errors cut am a source of strength understand companionless by the programmer. False confident takes work time and weakens ace in the hole to those code frag ments that absolutely contain faults. Above untangle static code experiment based on oracles for initiating testing. We propose to admit of comparison with ATUSA in metamorphic testing. Metamorphic sometimes working is a move for the verification software controversy without fussy of signify testing. Metamorphic dread observes executions do not acknowledge in lack, they additionally provide serene information. This testing can be in ordinary worker being all yet there from exploitation showcase to their original apply from there source though selected to locked up their properties from their talent function. Such functions are voiced as metamorphic relations. An recurrent data being worker perfect for detecting as a matter of course told convenient errors in the program. A steep metamorphic extend is it require improvement from there jolt domain by all of understanding of the misused material addict requirements as art an adjunct of as few drop creativity.†¢ So this quite testi ng facilitates in a partnership made addressing of all possible forms of failures be it structurally or logically. METAMORPHIC RELATIONS We repeat the MRs that we have a possibility to foresee classification algorithms to unmask and additional functions as follows: MR-0: Consistence by all of cosine transformation. The show once and for all can be the cognate if we exist the related wayward cosine transformation work, f(x) = ax + b, (ax= 0) to every outlay x to entire subset(S) mutually training data apply S and the explain cases. Figure 4: Algorithm for working of metamorphic relations. MR-1.1: Permutation of the prescribed component from action labels. Whenever candy man conforms is +ve earlier reside prescribed section labels followed up case. MR-1.2: Permutation from back forty aspects. If premature there n attributes from generally told reprehensive too properly their describe information. It describes the uninformative by the whole of their properties. Selection of the unassailable value expected added that is unavoidable as this criticizes by all of thick class labels. MR-2.2: Addition of interpretive attributes. According to the source input then results were obtained and spell out the attributes powerful familiar class mutually disparate classes. Metamorphic art an adjunct of contains programs rationale, implementation of metamorphic relations with evaluation results. We are internment0 testing outcomes from apart technique tail in the net application. Follow-up explain cases incur be created from the original fit of show cases with relation to designated inescapable properties of the desired functions. Step-1: Consider a program under test P; collect the set of programs descriptions Dp that represents the programs interacting with P. Step-2: Design a metamorphic relations MRi applicable to test P. Step-3: Implement MRi in the metamorphic set MS of the P. Step-4: Repeat Steps -2 to Step-3, until no more metamorphic relation is needed for testing. Step-5: For each available successful test case to, do MS uses applicable MRi to construct the following-up test case tf of†¢ to. MS invokes P to execute tf. †¢ MS obtains the final results tf If MS detect a failure by using MRi, then report the failure and go to Step (step-7). Repeat Steps-5(i) to step-5(iv), until no more applicable MRi. Step-6:†¢ Report that no failure is found. Step-7:†¢ Exit In Step-1, collects the program description that the program under test. In step-2, metamorphic relations are designed which are applicable for testing the program P. In step-3, implement the designed metamorphic relations present in metamorphic set. The above two steps i.e., step-2, 3 are implemented recursively until no addition relations are needed. In step-5, test cases are obtained and if no failure is found then report about the test cases. If failure found then exit, and re-apply the metamorphic relations. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS In this string attached to something we explain the results of mostly working results fix in the before discussion. Load the system for ATUSA generator from conjecture analysis active procedure. Invariants are the properties and events reveal in the program. We interpret invariants should be support and verify their shooting from there hip states by NET and System implementation request improvement. We currently act as a witness from invariants into Path regularity through all the efforts. Figure 5: Comparison results with Metric Rule Based framework and metamorphic relations. Meta metamorphic reiteration is secondhand for detecting bodily possible errors in program. Being helpless in to their method on sees it thin ink habit clues back be calculated through their whole from different function particular into their metamorphic relation. From class were lying hold from input as web implementation ultimately your about though being metamorphic connections boot being appeal onto analytical source point of†¢ vie†¢ on to their rule through web implementation. Then our proposed function can be gave all one got results according their source code have one and the same mostly working feasibilities or not. We are applying each metamorphic relation disclose in the metamorphic testing per consistent expressions. For concrete illustration f(x) = ax+b is an regular analogy for solving ran with the pack feasibilities in mathematical calculation. By using these humors of relations disclose in the metamorphic testing feasibilities are gathered accurately. 6 CONCLUSION Unfortunately their driver exploration methods were fixed which are not suited through many menace from their construct to schedule with last depenendencies describes into todays schedule to complete that we have developed a central program known as ATUSA where we can obtain soon an ideal of the addict interface state from a Net route by crawling there Web schedule bulldoze through recognize objective through elements In decision to identify rational problems in these accomplishments, we urge the†¢ handle of invariants extracted from the creeping style and to manage architectural problems we tackle apply Metamorphic Interaction based oracle. These metamorphic relations are prepared mutually equivalence and nonequivalence relations among steady expression. REFERENCES [1] Mehmed Taha Aras, Asst. Prof. Dr. Yunus Emre Selfuk, Metric and Rufe Based Automated Detection 0/ Antipatterns in Object-Oriented Software Systems, 2016 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), 978-1-4673-8914-3/16/$31.00  ©20161EEE. [2] M. Abbes, F. Khomh, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, and G. Antoniol, An empirical study of the impact of two antipatterns, bl ob and spaghetti code, on program comprehension, 15th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, CSMR 2011, 1-4 March 2011, Oldenburg, Germany. IEEE Computer Society, 2011, pp. 181-190. [3] F. Khomh, M. Di Penta, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, and G. Antoniol, An exploratory study of the impact of anti patterns on class change- and fault-proneness, Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 243-275,2012. [4] F. Khomh, M. Di Penta, and Y.-G. Gueheneuc, An exploratory study of the impact of code smells on software change-proneness, 16th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, WCRE 2009, 13-16 October 2009, Lilie, France. IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 75-84. [5] N. Moha, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, 1. Duchien, and A-F. 1. Meur, Decor: A method for the specification and detection of code and design smells, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. I, pp. 20-36, 2010. [6] J. Din, A B. AL-Badareen, and Y. Y. Jusoh, Antipattern detection approaches in object-oriented design: a literature review, Computing and Convergence Technology (ICCCT), 2012 71h International Conference, 2012, pp. 926-931. [7] F. A Fontana, S. Maggioni, and C. Raibulet, Understanding the relevance of micro-structures for design patterns detection, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 2334-2347, 2011. [8] H. Kaur, P. J. Kaur, A study on detection of anti-patterns in object oriented systems, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887), Volume. 93, No. 5, May 2014. [9] A Maiga, et al., SMURF: a SVM based incremental anti-pattern detection approach, Proc. 19,h Working Conf. on Reverse. [10] 1. K. Jhans, V.K. Priya, Improved analysis of re factoring in forked project to remove the bugs present in the system, Internation Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.5, Issue. 2, February 2016. [11] K. A M. Ferreira, M. A S. Bigonha, R. S. Bigonha, 1. F. O. Mendes, H. C. Almeida, Idetifying thresholds for object-oriented software metrics, The Journal ofSystems and Software, vol. 85, pp. 244-257, 2012. [12] F. Palomba, G. Bavota, R. Oliveto, A de Lucia, Antipattern detection: Methods, Challenges, and Open Issues, Advances in Computes, pp. 201-238,2015. [13] R. Oliveto, F. Khomh, G. Antoniol and Y. Gueheneuc, Numerical signatures of antipatterns: An approach based on b-splines, 141h European Conference on Software Maintenenance and Rengineering (CSMR), IEEE, 2010, pp. 248-251. [14] M. Kessentini, H. Sahraoui, M. Boukadoum, and M. Wimmer, Search based design defects detection by example, ser. Lecture N otes in Computer Science, Berling 1 Heidelberg: Springer, 2011, vol. 6603, pp. 401-415. [15] F. Khomh, S. Vaucher, Y. Guhneuc, and H. Sahraoui, Bdtext: A gqmbased bayesian approach for the detection of antipatterns, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 559-572, 2011. [16] D. Spinellis, Tool writing: A forgotten art?, IEEE Software, 22(4):9- 11, July/August 2005. [17] A Rao, K. N. Reddy, Detecting bad smells in object oriented design using design change propagation probability matrix, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, 2008. [18] K. Dhambri, H. Sahraoui, P. Poulin, Visual detection of design anomalies, Proceedings of the 12,h European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 279-283, 2008. [19] M. 1. Munro, Product metrics for automatic identification of bad smell design problems in Java source-code, Proceedings of the 11 1h International Software Metrics Symposium, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 15, 2005.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Section A: COMPULSORY Answer ALL questions 1-12 1. A resistance temperature device has a resistance R0 = 100 ? at 0o C. If the resistance RT = 197. 7 ? in an oil bath, what is the temperature of the oil in the bath, given that RT = R0(1+? T)? Take R0 = 100 ? R0 = resistance at 0o C ? = 3. 9083 x 10-3 /o C (2 marks) NDE Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Exam 2008 Name: _______________________________________ Read all the instructions before starting Do not open this paper until instructed Time allowed: 2 hours (plus 5 minutes reading time) Attempt ALL question in Section A (questions 1 – 12) Attempt any TWO from Section B (questions 13-15) Answer the questions in the spaces provided on the question paper. Use the back of the previous page if required. If you attempted all three questions in section B, then cross out the question you don’t want marked. The marker will mark the first 2 questions not crossed out. Show all relevant working. Marks will be awarded for method as well as correct answers Add your name to the top of this page 3. A steel shaft has a diameter of 25. 0 mm at 20 °C. A brass retaining collar has an internal diameter 24. 95 mm at the same temperature. If the shaft is cooled to 0 °C, find the temperature to which the retaining collar must be heated if is to have a clearance of 0. 10 mm when it is fitted to the shaft. Take ? Steel = 12 x 10-6 /oCand ? Brass = 19 x 10-6 /oC. (4 marks) 2. A steel casting (C = 460 J/kgK) of mass 2. 4 kg is cooled from 350 °C by placing in a container of 12 kg of water (C = 4200 J/kgK) at 18 °C. Assuming no heat is transferred to the container, calculate the final temperature. (4 marks) Instructions: Attachments: Marking: Formulae, saturated water tables Individual marks are shown on each question. There are a total of 70 marks representing 50% of your final mark in this subject. A minimum of 40% in this exam is a requirement for course completion Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 2 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 4. Heat was added to 10 kg of saturated liquid water at a pressure of 2 bar at the rate of 20 kW for 10 minutes. Given the following information from the saturated water table, and assuming perfect insulation: hf = 505 kJ/kg, hfg = 2202 kJ/kg, hg = 2707 kJ/kg, Ts = 120. 2 °C a. Find the dryness fraction of the steam after the initial 10 minutes. (4 marks) 5. For the complete combustion of acetylene, C2H2: a. Write down the balanced combustion equation (2 marks) b. Determine the stoichiometric air to fuel mass ratio (5 marks) Atomic weights: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14 Air composition: 23% oxygen, 77% nitrogen (by mass) . Calculate the time (in minutes and seconds) for which the steam must be heated at the same rate in order to become fully dry. (3 marks) 6. Prepare a labelled sketch of a manometer inclined at 5o to a horizontal datum. If the manometer contains oil with a density of 800 kg / m3, and a change in the pressure applied to it is 50 Pa, find the oil deflection in mm. (4 ma rks) O f il de lect ion 5o Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 3 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 4 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 7. Explain for the Seebeck effect and how it may be applied to temperature measurement. (3 marks) 10. Find the total heat transfer, per m2, through the wall shown below. Neglect radiation. Air temperature –5 °C h = 10 W/m2K Brick 70 mm thick k = 2. 3 W/mK Air Gap R = 1. 5 m2K/W (5 marks) Surface temperature 25 °C Gib 9 mm k = 0. 1 W/mK 8. The non-flow energy equation is given as Q – W= ? U. State the equation as it applies to: a. Isothermal b. Polytropic, and c. Adiabatic processes . (3 marks) 9. 50 litres of oxygen at 200C has a pressure of 850 kPa (abs). Find the pressure if its volume is reduced to 100 litres at: a. constant temperature Batts R = 2. 2 b. 850C 11. A chilly bin is 400 mm long, 200 mm high, 200 mm deep and is made from material 2 cm thick with a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 0. 028. The chilly bin contains ice – how much ice will melt in eigh t hours if the ambient air temperature is 300C? Take enthalpy of fusion for water as 335 kJ/kg. (5 marks) (5 marks) Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 5 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 6 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 12. Air is compressed from 99 kPaABS, 20 °C and 1. 5 litres to a volume of 0. 2 litres (5 marks) according to the law PV1. 25 = C. Find the following; a. Determine the mass of the gas Section B Answer any TWO questions from questions 13-15 13. A steam pipe is 75 mm external diameter and is 80 m long. It conveys steam at a rate of 1000 kg/h at a pressure of 2 Mpa. The steam enters the pipe with a dryness fraction of 0. 8 and is to leave the pipe with a dryness of not less than 0. 96. The pipe must be insulated – the material to be used has a thermal coefficient of conductivity of 0. 08 W/mK. If the temperature drop across the pipe is negligible, find the minimum thickness of insulation required to meet the conditions. The temperature at the outer surface of the insulation is 27 0C. (10 marks ) b. Determine the final pressure c. Determine the final temperature End of Compulsory section. Answer only TWO of the remaining questions. Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 7 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 8 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Answer question 13 here 14. A one-shell-pass, eight-tube-passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerine from 25oC to 60oC at mass flow rate of 3000 kg /h. The heating liquid is water which enters the thin-walled, 12 mm diameter tubes at 90oC with a mass flow rate of 26 kg / min. On the shell side the convective heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W / m2 K and on the water side the corresponding value is 2400 W / m2K. After some time in operation a fouling factor of 0. 0004 m2 K / W develops on the outer tube surfaces. Take cGLYCERINE = 2. 43 kJ / kg K and cWATER = 4. 2 kJ / kg K. Calculate: Glycerine in Water Glycerine out a. The rate of heat transfer in the device before fouling occurs. (1 mark) b. Outlet temperature of water. (2 marks) c. Log mean temperature difference (LMTD). (2 marks) d. Coefficient of heat transfer after fouling has developed. (2 marks) e. Total length of tube required, using â€Å"dirty† coefficient of heat transfer (3 marks) Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 9 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 10 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Answer question 14 here Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 11 Thermo exam November 2008 final . doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 12 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Answer question 15 here 15. Argon gas flows steadily through a turbine. The flow is entirely adiabatic. Entry conditions are 900 kPaABS at 450o C with a velocity of 80 m/s through an inlet measuring 75 mm x 80 mm. Argon leaves the turbine at 150 kPaABS at a velocity of 150 m/s. Work output from the turbine is 250 kW. Given the following ideal gas properties for argon R = 208. 1 J /kg K and cp = 520. 3 J /kg K, find: a. Mass flow of argon Inlet 75 mm x 80 mm p = 900 kPaABS T = 450oC V = 80 m/s 250 kW p = 150 kPaABS V = 150 m/s (3 marks) b. Outlet temperature of the gas. Assume change of height negligible. 7 marks) Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 13 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 14 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Extra page for working if required Saturated water properties Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep -08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 15 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 16 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Formulary PV = mRT Q kA't x P1V 1 = P2 V 2 T1 T2 Saturated water properties P V1n 1 P 2 V2 n n 1 Q hA't A't R T1 T2  §P · ? 1? ?P ?  © 2? n 1 n  § V2  · ? ? ? V ?  © 1? Q R CP CV Q UA't 1 1 J W cp cv PV1 P2V2 1 n 1  ¦ 1  ¦ W  §V  · ? ? PV ln ? 2 ?  © V1 ? Q ‘ l = loD'T Q = m ‘h Q = m c ‘T ‘U P= Q 2? l't ?  § ro  · ?  « ln ? ?  » ? r ?  ¦  «  ©k i ?  »  «  »  «  »  «  »  ¬ ? 2S rlk ‘t x mcv ‘T F A for all processes Q Q H V AT 4 hA'T 5. 67 x10 8 P Ugh ‘U W OUTPUT 100 INPUT Q V W m2 K 4 K= Q UA't Mean t Mean ? 1 ? 2  §?  · ln ? 1 ? ?  © 2? 2  § V2 V12 m? h2 h1 ? 2  © T1 m h2 h1 S. T. P. = 0 °C and 101. 3 kPa N. T. P. = 15 °C and 101. 3 kPa Cwater = 4200 J/kgK For Air Cp = 1005 J/kgK Cv = 718 J/kgK R = 287 J/kgK ? =1. 4 Q W mc p T2 g z2  · z1 ? ? ? Thermo exam N ovember 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 17 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 18 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 19

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 2280 Words

Health in Games Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that effects millions of people worldwide, including war veterans, police officers, marines and crash survivors. Recent research of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has produced new treatments with great potential and better results. This paper investigates the use of virtual reality as way of treating people with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. There are existing treatments for PTSD, which range from pharmacological treatments that directly treat the symptoms of PTSD, to cognitive behavioural treatments such as prolonged exposure therapy, which is based on conditioning and learning. Pharmacological treatments however are still not yet proven to be as efficient as Prolonged exposure therapy. Prolonged exposure therapy is the most common treatment for PTSD; the therapy desensitizes the person to the trauma by having them re-experience the traumatic event rather than avoiding the memories and the triggers. By combining exposure therapy and virtual reality (VR) the patient has the ability to re-experience the trauma within a safe and controlled environment under supervision of a therapist. Whereas traditional exposure therapy required the patient to repetitively discuss their trauma to a therapist while closing their eyes and imagining the traumatic event. This paper will investigate the different ways virtual reality is used t o treat people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.Show MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. 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We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war